The Push

What does "the push" movement add to a scene?
Why should you add a push movement to a scene?

By physically moving the camera closer to the frame, the movement can compliment the script by creating a heartfelt, magical, or overall emotional scene. Push be use to emphasize a certain subject matter inside the frame. This usually means that a certain character is going through an impactful moment or that a subject inside of a frame as a sort of importance in the story. Either way, the push should be relevant to the story in one way or another. Overusing this technique can detract from the scene, and reduce the value of that movement. The more it is used, the more used to the movement the audience is going to be, and thus, less impactful it is going to be overall.

Camera Sensors

1. What are the pro's and con's of a CCD sensor?
2. What are the pro's and con's of a CMOS sensor?
3. What are CCD sensors better at? What are CMOS sensors's better at?

CCD sensors allow for a relatively noise free video signal. However, a small amount of charge is lost when electrons are shifted. Thus, the electrically inefficient CCD sensor becomes a problem for higher resolutions. Some more cons include the low serial readout time -- the amount of time the shutter requires to be closed and their necessity for more voltage for operation. CMOS sensors came later in popularity though invented during a similar time period because the technology was yet to be built. by implementing Amplifiers on each pixel, the original capacity issue can be solved. In comparison to CCD sensors, CMOs sensors require less voltage and has faster image capture. However, in any manufactured device, there is always a drawback, which in this case, is higher noise and rolling shutter. Rolling shutter is especially problematic when capturing movement because it distorts the image as it is recorded.

Controlling Your Depth of Field

1. What are the different factors that you can use to control depth of field that this video mentions? What is one of the primary ways to control depth of field?

The aperture, the distance between the subject and the lens, and the focal length of the lens all play a role in changing the depth of field. The most accessible way to alter the depth of field is to change the aperture. Once the desired depth of field is adjusted using the aperture, other setting must be adjusted accordingly. This includes the light level, ND filters, ISO, and the shutter speed. Changing the focal length of your length can also alter the depth of field. For prime lenses, this can only be done by switching out lenses. However for zoom lenses, there is the option to change the focal length by zooming in. It is important to regard that in a zoomed in shot, space will appear compressed. If a subject is closer to the lens, a shallower depth of field can be accomplished. This may be difficult because the composition of the shot must be manipulated in order to create this look.

Depth of Field P.3

1. What is crop factor?
2. What is lens equivalency?
3. If you had a full frame sensor and your cousin had a APS-C sized sensor, how would you explain the differences between the camera's and lenses to your cousin?

Crop factor is defined by the amount zoomed in depending on the size of the sensor. For example, a smaller sensor will create a greater a crop factor, resulting in a more zoomed in image. In a standard 35mm camera, many photographers and videographers understand what a different focal length lenses look like. However, keeping the sensor size into consideration, lens equivalency can be calculated by multiplying the crop factor and the focal length. An APS-C sensor with a crop factor of 1.6, a 50mm focal length would be the equivalent to a 80mm on a 35mm aka full frame sensor. When you attempt to match the focal length to compensate for the crop factor, the bokeh in the background changes. This is because the crop factor is not only multiplied to the focal length, but it is also multiplied by the F-stop number. when the F-stop is adjusted to create a similar bokeh in the background, the ISO must be multiplied by the crop factor^2 as well. As a result, smaller sensors shoot the equivalent of a higher focal length and aperture, resulting in a deeper depth of field.

Depth of Field P.2

Answer the following questions in an in depth - paragraph:

1. What is the circle of confusion?
2. How does this affect what the viewer of the image perceives overall?
3. How does the camera's sensor come into play with the circle of confusion? Why?

The circle of confusion is defined by the size of the spot of light that is acceptable to be considered "sharp enough." This is a subjective matter that its accuracy is generally determined by the size of the print or screen that the content is going to be viewed in. In general terms, the bigger the projected screen, the smaller the "acceptable spot of light" becomes. The circle of confusion is altered when speaking in terms of digital mediums. Because digital mediums are captured in pixels, the circle of confusion is defined by the size of the pixel. The smaller the pixel sizes, the more accurate the focus has to be in order to be considered in focus. Thus, as a result, the higher the resolution, the shallower the depth of field. In other words. A smaller sensor will inevitably create a shallower depth of field.

Depth of Field P.1

Answer the following questions in an in depth - paragraph:

1. In your own words, explain what depth of field is.
2. What is deep depth of field? What is shallow depth of field? What might you use it for in a video?

 Depth of field is determined by the amount of space that a certain subject is "acceptably" in focus. For example, if a subject goes easily out of focus just by moving it slightly towards or away from the camera, it has a shallow depth of field. If a subject stays in focus even when the subject is moved visibly and drastically, it has a deep depth of field. The length of the depth of field can be calculated by seeing how far back the lens can go without going out of focus in both directions. Depth of field can also be determined by the aperture. For example, a smaller aperture can make an image that creates a wider range of acceptable depth of field.

Lenses P.3

Answer the following questions in an in depth - paragraph:

1. What are the key difference between photography and cine lens?
2. What are the key differences between prime and zoom lenses? What are the drawbacks and benefits of each?

The main difference between a cine lens and a photography lens lies in the Focus Breathing. Photography lenses, holding a single focal length, can zoom in or out as a result of focusing an image. This aspect of the lens is not an issue when it comes to photography. However, it may pose an issue when it comes to filmmaking. This is where the cine lens comes into play. Cine lenses are able to eliminate focus breathing. Prime lenses are often cheaper and better quality in comparison to their zoom counterparts. On the other hand, zoom lenses are capable of shooting a range of multiple focal points. Zoom lenses can be separated into two groups: Varifocal and Parfocal lenses. A Varifocal lens causes the focus to change as the focal length changes, while a Parfocal lens will maintain the focus independent from the focal length. While prime lenses may sacrifice some quality, it allows the filmmaker to have more flexibility while shooting. Another drawback worth mentioning is that the aperture may not be available for all focal lengths. This is especially the case when it comes to the lens's maximum focal lengths.